What a ganglion cyst is
A ganglion cyst grows from the capsule of a joint or the sheath of a tendon and is filled with thick, clear fluid similar to joint fluid. A stalk often connects it to the joint. The exact cause is unclear, but it may relate to wear and tear or minor injury of the joint or tendon. It is not cancer and does not spread.
Where ganglion cysts appear
- Back of the wrist: the most common place.
- Palm side of the wrist: often near the pulse.
- Base of the finger: small, firm “seed” ganglions.
- End of the finger: mucous cysts, often with arthritis.
- Foot and ankle: especially the top of the foot.
See wrist pain.
Symptoms
- A round or oval lump, usually less than 2.5 cm.
- It may be soft or firm and may change size.
- Often painless, but can ache, especially with movement.
- Tingling, numbness or weakness if it presses on a nerve.
- On the foot, discomfort when wearing shoes.
Who gets them
Ganglions are most common between 15 and 40 years old and are more common in women. Gymnasts and people who repeatedly stress their wrists may be more prone. Ganglions at the end joint of the finger are more common in older people with osteoarthritis.
How it is diagnosed
A doctor usually diagnoses a ganglion by examining it. Shining a light through it may show that it is filled with fluid. An X-ray can show arthritis, and ultrasound or MRI can confirm the cyst, especially for small, hidden ganglions that cause pain without a visible lump, or when the diagnosis is uncertain.
Watchful waiting
If the ganglion is painless and does not interfere with activities, leaving it alone is reasonable. Many ganglions shrink or disappear without treatment, though this can take months or years.
Do not hit it with a book
Ganglions were once called “Bible bumps” because people tried to burst them by hitting them with a heavy book. This is not recommended, as it can damage surrounding structures and the cyst usually comes back. Puncturing it yourself with a needle risks infection.
Treatment options
- Rest and splinting: may reduce pain and size temporarily.
- Aspiration: draining the fluid with a needle, sometimes with an injection; quick, but the cyst often returns.
- Surgery: removing the cyst and its stalk; lower recurrence but risks of scarring, stiffness and infection.
The decision depends on symptoms, location and your preferences.
Recovery after surgery
After removal, the wrist may be bandaged or splinted for a short time. Gentle movement exercises start early to prevent stiffness, and most people return to normal activities within 2 to 6 weeks. Physiotherapy helps if stiffness or weakness persists.
Ganglion cysts on the foot
On the top of the foot, a ganglion can rub against shoes. Wearing shoes with softer uppers, adjusting lacing to avoid pressure over the lump and using padding can help. If it causes ongoing pain or nerve symptoms, aspiration or surgery may be offered.
See why do my feet hurt.
Other lumps to consider
- Lipomas, soft fatty lumps.
- Giant cell tumour of the tendon sheath, a firm, usually benign lump in the fingers.
- Arthritis-related swellings and bone spurs.
- Rarely, other tumours, which is why unusual lumps need checking.
Living with a ganglion
If you choose to leave a ganglion alone, keep using the hand or foot normally. A wrist support during heavy or repetitive tasks may reduce aching. Note any change in size, pain or numbness, and get it checked if it changes. Some people find the lump shrinks during rest and grows with activity, which is typical of a ganglion.
When to see a doctor
- A hard, fixed lump.
- A lump growing quickly.
- Red, hot or very painful swelling.
- Numbness, tingling or weakness in the hand or foot.
- Any lump you are unsure about.
Key points to remember
- Ganglion cysts are harmless fluid-filled lumps near joints or tendons.
- Many disappear without treatment.
- Aspiration or surgery are options if they cause problems.
- Do not try to burst them yourself.
Questions about ganglion cysts
These answers are general information and do not replace an examination or individual medical advice.
Will a ganglion cyst go away on its own?
Many do, although it can take months or years.
Is a ganglion cyst cancer?
No. Ganglion cysts are not cancerous.
Should I pop a ganglion cyst?
No. Hitting or puncturing it can cause injury and infection.
Why do ganglion cysts come back?
The stalk connecting to the joint remains after aspiration.
Can a ganglion cyst cause numbness?
Yes, if it presses on a nerve.
Can exercise make a ganglion bigger?
Activity can make it more noticeable; resting may shrink it temporarily.
What is the difference between a cyst in the wrist and a ganglion?
Most cysts in the wrist are ganglions.
How long does recovery from ganglion surgery take?
Usually 2 to 6 weeks for normal activities.
Can a ganglion cyst appear on the foot?
Yes, especially on the top of the foot and around the ankle.
Sources
This guide is for general information and does not replace medical advice. How a problem is diagnosed and treated depends on your examination and medical history. If you think you have an emergency, contact your local emergency services.